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  1. You are here:  
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  3. 名詞解釋 - IMC

名詞解釋 - IMC


資料來源:電子製造,工作狂人(ResearchMFG)

在電路板的組裝焊接過程中,經常會聽到工程師或實驗是的分析報告裡提到IMC這個名詞,那究竟IMC是什麼東西?IMC在PCB焊接的過程當中又扮演了什麼樣的角色?它會影響到焊接的強度嗎?那究竟IMC的厚度應該落在多少才比較合理呢?

下面是工作熊有一次去上了一堂「白蓉生」老師關於PCB焊接強度與IMC的課程之後的心得整理,大師開講真的可以學到不少東西。

  1. 何謂IMC?

    IMC是【Intermetallic Compound】的英文縮寫簡稱,依據白蓉生老師的說法,中文應該翻譯成【介面金屬共化物】或【介金屬】。

    而IMC是一種化學分子式,不是合金,也不是純金屬。

    既然IMC是一種化學分子組成,所以IMC的形成必須給予能量,這也就是為何錫膏在焊接過程中需要加熱的原因,而且錫膏的成份中只有純錫(Sn)才會與銅基地(例如OSP, I-Ag, I-Sn表面處理的板子)或是鎳基地(ENIG表面處理的板子)在強熱中發生擴散反應,進而生成牢固的介面性IMC。
  2. 【合金(alloy)】與【介面金屬共化物(Intermetallic Compound)】有何差別?

    介面金屬化合物是兩種金屬元素以上以「固定比例」所形成的化合物,是一種「化學反應」後的結果,屬於純物質。比如說Cu6Sn5、Ni3Sn4、AuSn4…等這樣的物質。

    而合金(alloy)則是兩種金屬以上的混合物,其比例並無固定,可以隨時調整,只是均勻的將不同的元素混合在一起就可以了。

    所以你可以說男人與女人混在一起稱之為合金;而男女結合後所生下的小孩就稱為化合物。這樣比喻會不會被打啊!

  3. 既然稱為【錫膏】,為何還有其他的金屬成份在裡面?

    這是因為純錫的融點高達232°C,不易用於一般的PCB板組裝焊接,或者說目前的電子零件都無法達到這樣的高溫,所以必須以錫為主,然後加入其他合金焊料來降低其融點,以達到可以量產並節省能源的主要目的,其次要目的是可以改善焊點的韌度(Toughness)與強度(Strength)。

    比如說加入少許的銀與銅作成SAC305,其共熔點就降到217°C。加入銅及鎳作成SCNi,其共熔點就會變成227°C。這是個很有趣的題目,為什麼原本兩個熔點都很高的金屬,以一定比率混在一起之後其共熔點反而會大大降低,有興趣的朋友可以先找錫鉛的二元平衡金相圖來參考一下。

  4. 經常看到IMC中有Cu6Sn5、Ni3Sn4、Cu3Sn、AuSn4、Ag3Sn與PdSn4的化學式,請問這些化學式的形成與地點?

    銅基地的表面處理PCB,如OSP(有機保焊膜), I-Ag(浸鍍銀), I-Sn(浸鍍錫), HASL(噴錫)與錫膏的焊接,在高熱的回焊爐中會形成良性IMC的Cu6Sn5,隨著時間的老化,或PCB通過回焊爐過久,就會慢慢再形成劣性IMC的Cu3Sn。

    鎳基地的表面處理PCB,如ENIG, ENXG, 與ENEPIG,經過高熱回焊爐與錫膏結合後會生成良性IMC的Ni3Sn4。

    金(Au)、銀(Ag)、鈀(Pd)也會與錫(Sn)形成AuSn4、跟Ag3Sn與PdSn4等化合物,但卻是遊走式的IMC,對焊點的強度是有害而無利,焊墊上的金與銀的最大作用就是保護底鎳與底銅免於生鏽而已,金與銀越厚者,焊點強度就越弱,但是不能薄到無法全面覆蓋住底鎳及底銅,否則就無法保護底鎳或底銅了。

  5. 各種IMC的強度為何?

    再次提醒,焊接是一種化學反應。

    以銅基地的焊墊為例,良好的焊接時會立即生成η-phase (讀Eta)良性的Cu6Sn5,且還會隨著焊接熱量的累積與老化時間而長厚。

    焊點在老化的過程中又會在原來的Cu6Sn5上長出惡性ε-phase (讀Epsilon)惡性的 Cu3Sn。總體而言銅基地的焊接強度比鎳基地來得好,可靠度也比較高。

    鎳基地的化鎳浸金與電鍍鎳金之金較厚者,其焊點不但IMC較薄且更容易形成金脆,只有在 AuSn4游走後,鎳基地才會形成Ni3Sn4,不過其強度原本就不如Cu6Sn5。

    命名 分子式 含錫量W% 出現經過 位置所在 顏色 結晶 性能 表面能

    η-phase
    (Eta)

    Cu6Sn5 60% 高溫熔錫沾焊到乾淨的銅面時生成 介於焊錫或純錫之間的介面 白色 球狀組織 良性IMC為焊接強度之必須 甚高

    ε-phase 
    (Epsilon)

    Cu3Sn 30% 焊接後經過高溫或長期老化逐漸生成 介於Cu6Sn5與銅面之間 灰色 柱狀結晶 惡性IMC將造成縮錫或不沾錫 較低,只有Eta的一半
  6. IMC的厚度是不是越厚越好?

    會這麼問表示你沒有讀過書,白老師一直以農夫稱之,但現在高級知識份子當農夫者多得是,所以我個人是很尊敬農夫的,而且我老爸以前也是農夫啊,我小時候還耕過田呢。
    白老師一直強調,介面IMC只要有長出來且長得均勻就可以了,因為IMC會隨著時間與熱量的累積而越長越厚,當IMC長得太厚時強度反而就會變差,容易脆裂。這就有點像磚塊與磚塊之間的水泥一樣,適量的水泥可以將不同的磚塊結合在一起,但水泥太厚反而容易被推倒。
    IMC的生成速度基本上與時間的平方與溫度成正比。

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